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Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Effects of Growth Temperature on the Structural and Optical Properties of Synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles(American Journal of Materials Science, 2024-03-09) Waweru, Gakuru Simon; Kiprotich, Sharon; Njoroge, Peter W.The nanoparticles (NPs) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) were synthesized using sol-gel method. This method was preferred as it gives NPs with uniform particle size, surface properties, control of reaction time and temperature, easiness in operation and of low cost. The synthesized gel was annealed at different temperature for 2 h in a muffle furnace between temperature 400 and 900°C. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy showed Ti-O-Ti stretching vibrations at wavenumber 668 and 1033 cm-1and Ti-O at 435 and 416 cm-1in line with the tetrahedral structure of TiO6. Structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) which displayed anatase and rutile phases with peaks 105 and 101 respectively. Change of phase from anatase to rutile occurred at 600°C characterized by peak 101. The crystallite size calculated using Debye-Scherrer equation is of the range between 10.83 to 23.90 nm for 400°C to 900°C respectively. Crystallite size was found to be directly proportional to XRD peak intensity and inversely proportional to Full Width at Half Maximum. Scanning Electron Microscope confirmed the improvement of the nanoparticles morphology with no agglomeration and aggregation at 800°C. Kubelka-Munk and Tauc equations were employed in the optical analysis and the optical band gap value reduced from 3.50 eV to 3.26 eV for 400°C and 900°C respectively.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , ASSESSMENT OF ENDPOINT OF DECALCIFICATION(Kenya Industrial Property Institute, 2025-04-02) CHEPKEMOI, MANYU GRACECERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION OF UTILITY MODEL It is hereby certified that a utility model with utility model number 637 has been registered in the name MURANG'A UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY of P. O. BOX 75-10200 MURANG'A, Kenya and MANYU GRACE CHEPKEMOI of P. O. BOX 75-10200 MURANG'A, Kenya in respect of an invention disclosed in an application number/U/2025/2956 having a date of filing of 02/04/2025 and being an invention titled ASSESSMENT OF ENDPOINT OF DECALCIFICATION. Dated at Nairobi this 10th day of June, 2026.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , ADSORBENT ( SILICA MOLYBDATE) FOR REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATES FROM WATER.(Kenya Industrial Property Institute, 2025-06-23) Njoroge, Peter W.CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION OF UTILITY MODEL It is hereby certified that a utility model with utility model number654 has been registered in the name of MURANG'A UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY P. O. BOX 75-10200 MURANG'A, Kenya and NJOROGE PETER WAITHAKA of P. O.BOX 75-10200 MURANG'A, Kenya in respect of an invention disclosed in an application number/U/2025/3065 having a date of filing of 23/06/2025 and priority date of being an invention titled ADSORBENT (SILICA MOLYBDATE) FOR REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATES FROM WATER. Dated at Nairobi this 18th day of August, 2026.)Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , CONCENTRATION OF LATERITES USING BIOMAS(Kenya Industrial Property Institute, 2013-06-12) Muriithi, Naftali; Njoroge, Peter W.; Wachira, Jackosn; Wanjau, RuthA method of concentrating iron in laterites to make the .rcn extraction process economical is disclosed. Concentration using biomass yields higher levels of iron by using appropriate ratio of biomass: laterites. The concentration of iron in the laterites was done by heating a laterite /charcoa! mixture in the temperature range 500-7000C in a ceramic container, a slow current of air (0.5-0.7em3/sec) was passed thus generating carbon monoxide in-situ. The process involves cooling and picking iron containing mineral. The optimum ratio of biomass: laterite was found to be 1 :20 by mass. The iron in the raw laterites is predominantly minerals goethite, FeO.OH and haematite, Fe203, as shown by presence of peaks at diffraction angles of 28 = 21.51 ° and 28 = 54.11 “respectively. After magnet-separation iron wes present predomisianily as the mineral, magnetite Fe304, with diffraction peak at 28 = 36°. The percentage of iron in the magnet-separated product is increased to 55-62%.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , RESIDUAL ALUMINIUM IONS IN WATER TREATED WITH 'ROCK ALUM' COAGULANTS(International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2026-06) Murage, Daniel; Njoroge, Peter W.; Opiyo, Sylvia A.; Kiprotich, SharonSafe and clean water is one of the essential natural resources necessary for human existence. Demand for clean and safe water has dramatically increased with the increase in human population and industrial developments. In most developing countries, small-scale water consumers use coagulants obtained from commercial shops to treat drinking water obtained from rivers, lakes and bore holes to remove turbidity and other suspended particles. These coagulants are preferred due to their convenience in use, low cost and is widely available in local market. Examples of these coagulants include 'Rock Alum'. Previous studies hypothesized that use of aluminium-based coagulants leaves residual aluminium in water making it unsafe for human consumption. Effects of aluminium exposure include neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, reduced intellectual capability, renal failure, and bone defects. This study focused on analysis of treated de-ionized, river and borehole water samples treated with variable masses of the coagulant ‘rock alum’ ranging from a maximum of 0.125 g to a minimum of 0.0125 g in 500 cm3 of water. The concentration of residual aluminium ions in treated water samples was determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. River water and borehole water samples were obtained from 3 different regions within central Kenya This study found that de-ionized water treated with 0.125 g and 0.0125g of coagulant in 500 cm3 of water reported concentration of residual aluminium at an average of 7.41 and 1.9 ppm respectively. Analysis of river and borehole water samples treated with 0.125 g of coagulant in 500 cm3 gave 4.23 and 3.47 ppm respectively. These concentrations are higher than 0.1 ppm which is the permissible limits the World HealthOrganisation (WHO) set for safe drinking water. These elevated levels are detrimental to consumers' health. These results provide important information to government bodies in charge of water provision and public health on the risks associated with water treated with commercial aluminium-based coagulants. This study recommends improvement in water treatment conditions to reduce residual aluminium ions.