A HETEROGENEOUS DEEP ENSEMBLE APPROACH FOR ANOMALY DETECTION IN CLASS IMBALANCED ENERGY CONSUMPTION DATA
Abstract
The integrity and efficiency of modern energy grids are increasingly reliant on accurate anomaly detection
within energy consumption data. However, class imbalance poses significant challenges, where normal
consumption patterns vastly outnumber critical anomalies, leading to biased detection models. This paper
presents a novel heterogeneous deep ensemble model specifically designed to handle class imbalance in
energy consumption anomaly detection. The architecture strategically integrates Bidirectional Long ShortTerm Memory (BiLSTM) networks for capturing temporal dependencies and Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs) for feature extraction. Cost-sensitive learning was incorporated to address class
imbalance, with rigorous hyperparameter tuning using Bayesian optimization. The model was evaluated
using the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) dataset containing 42,372 customers' electricity
consumption data.The deep ensemble model achieved impressive performance metrics: accuracy of 97.5%,
precision of 97%, recall of 99%, F1-score of 98%, and AUC-ROC score of 99%. Statistical analysis
confirmed significant improvements over baseline methods (BiLSTM and CNN) and existing ensemble
models, with p-values consistently below 0.05.The heterogeneous ensemble architecture demonstrates
superior performance compared to individual models and existing approaches. Cost-sensitive learning
effectively addresses class imbalance while maintaining high accuracy. The findings establish new
performance benchmarks for anomaly detection in energy systems with significant implications for energy
efficiency, grid stability, and infrastructure security.
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