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    OPTIMIZATION OF PRETREATED CASSAVA PEELS BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION USING TAGUCHI DESIGN INTEGRATING KINETICS OF YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) REACTION AND BIOETHANOL CHARACTERIZATION

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    Date
    2024-07
    Author
    Odongo, Irene Akinyi
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    Abstract
    Majority of African rural homes use harmful energy sources like wood and fossil fuels, which are hazardous to human health and not environmentally friendly. Bioethanol is a form of ethanol produced from fermentation process. Bioethanol is an alternative clean source of energy that can be obtained from biomass and agricultural wastes. Producing bioethanol from agricultural wastes cleans up the environment and prevents the cutting of trees for wood fuel, thus solving the problem of deforestation. Bioethanol also gives farmers an additional source of income from otherwise wasted agricultural materials, reduces indoor pollution and is more cost-effective due to its higher calorific value. Pretreatment of lignocellulose biomass involves chemical, biological, and physical treatments. While enzymes from microorganisms are studied, plant-derived enzymes and the use of citric acid have not been extensively investigated for the pretreatment of cassava peels. Taguchi method, despite its potential in optimizing fermentation settings like surface response and Box-Behnken design, the use of Taguchi method would be beneficial in this field. This work primarily focused on the pretreatment of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels, Taguchi optimization of fermentation conditions, determining the Km (measure of the affinity an enzyme has for its substrate) and Vmax (maximum velocity of an enzymatically catalyzed reaction when the enzyme is saturated with its substrate) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and characterization of bioethanol. The feedstock was subjected to 0.5000 M sulphuric acid, pearl millet enzyme extract and 0.00026 M citric acid pre-treatments to increase the glucose content and reduce lignin content. Taguchi optimization design of four factors (temperature, pH, yeast to substrate ratio and time) at four levels was adopted to improve production efficiency. Lineweaver-Burk equation was used to obtain the Km and Vmax of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The best pre-treatment method was sulphuric acid pre-treatment that produced a total sugar content of 14.50 % brix followed by citric acid 8.500 % brix then finally pearl millet enzyme extract pre-treatment at 0.800% brix. Taguchi's analysis of the optimized condition showed that the optimal conditions for fermentation were a pH of 4.5, temperature of 40 oC, yeast to substrate ratio of 4.500 g/50ml and fermentation time of 90 minutes. The Vmax was 0.4300 Mol/L/Sec with Km of 583.5 Mol/L. The bioethanol produced was characterized and the following parameters registered; density of 0.8763 g/cm3, specific gravity of 0.8779 g/cm3, ethanol concentration of 73.63 %v/v, ash content of 0.005, kinematic viscosity of 3.677 centistokes (cst), sulphur content of 0.0788 %, flash point of 17.00 oC, pH of 4.286, the calorific value of 21.89 MJ/kg and conductivity of 8.800 𝜇s/m. These characteristics of the bioethanol produced were found comparable to those of the ASTM standards for bioethanol. Cassava bioethanol emerges as a promising alternative source of fuel given to its exceptional qualities. The bioethanol can be used as disinfectants and fuel for cook stove
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    http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6591
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    • School of Pure, Applied and Health Sciences (MT) [16]

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