http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6488 2026-04-20T19:48:44Z 2026-04-20T19:48:44Z Heibe, Mohamed Ali Kiragu, Patrick K. Njoroge, Ruth N. http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6833 2026-03-24T07:36:52Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Effect of the Porous Kenya-Somalia Border on Education in Garissa County Heibe, Mohamed Ali; Kiragu, Patrick K.; Njoroge, Ruth N. Globally, border regions face unique developmental challenges, particularly in fragile and conflict-affected environments. These regions are vulnerable to security threats, governance challenges, and the provision of basic services, including education. In most areas of the world, open borders are associated with cross-border criminality, migration of armed groups, smuggling, and population displacement, all bear adverse implications on public service delivery and community stability. In East Africa, the Kenya-Somalia border has long been described as porous and insecure, marked by frequent insurgent activity, refugee flows, and informal economic exchange. The porous Kenya–Somalia border has played a central role in enabling cross-border insecurity, which continues to undermine education in Garissa County. Extremist groups such as Al-Shabaab exploit the unmonitored and poorly secured border to infiltrate the region, conduct attacks, and create widespread fear among educators, students, and parents. A tragic example is the 2015 Garissa University attack, which triggered a mass exodus of non-local teachers and severely disrupted learning across the county. This study employed a qualitative research design to assess the impact of the porous Kenya–Somalia border on education in Garissa County. The study targeted key stakeholders relevant to the effect of the porous Kenya–Somalia border on education in Garissa County. Data was collected from three Deputy County Commissioners (DCCs) and twelve chiefs, purposively selected from the border sub-counties of Dadaab, Fafi, and Hulugho due to their direct involvement in security and administrative matters. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with DCCs and chiefs to gain qualitative insights into security challenges affecting education. The collected data underwent thematic qualitative analysis. Secondary literature was used to complement the primary data. The triangulation of interviews, focused group discussions (FGDs), and secondary sources enhanced the credibility and depth of the findings. Garissa County, especially the Dadaab area, has experienced continuous refugee inflows due to the unstable conditions in Somalia. These movements have placed a heavy burden on the local education system. Teachers and local leaders cited severe overcrowding in classrooms, sometimes exceeding 80 pupils per teacher, and noted shortages in textbooks and learning materials. One education officer remarked that schools lack the infrastructure and human resources to accommodate both refugee and host community children effectively. The porous Kenya-Somalia border has played a central role in undermining education in Garissa County. Cross-border insecurity has led to school attacks, teacher withdrawal, and student dropouts. These challenges, compounded by policy gaps and under-resourced emergency response systems, have fostered environments where children, especially girls, struggle to access and complete basic education. The Kenyan government, in collaboration with local leaders and regional security agencies, should enhance security along the Kenya-Somalia border. This includes deploying more well-trained and community-sensitive security personnel in border schools and education offices.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Patrick, Kiragu K. Reuben, Matheka M. Dorothy, Nyakwaka A. http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6832 2026-03-24T07:22:51Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Ideology, Elitism, Gender and the Evolution of Sports Management in Colonial Kenya, 1923 – 1963 Patrick, Kiragu K.; Reuben, Matheka M.; Dorothy, Nyakwaka A. Marginalization of women in sports management in Kenya has a long history. However, the existing literature on the subject overlooks the interplay of ideology and elitism in gendering inequality in sports management in colonial Kenya. This article delves into the evolution of sports during the colonial period to understand the impact of the interplay between ideology and elitism on gendering sports management. It examines data preserved in official records, newspapers/magazines and views and recollections of knowledgeable informants. The article established that ideology and elitism combined with evolving social and political meaning of sports to advantage the colonial political class in top decision-making levels of sports management. At independence the white political class in sports management was replaced by an African one, community development officers and, sportspersons transitioning to sports administration. These developments gave Kenyan men long head-starts in the management of sports as the country transitioned to independence.

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z KIRAGU, KINYUA MATHEKA, R. M. ONYANCHA, B.K. http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6831 2026-03-24T07:16:22Z 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z

GENDER ISSUES IN AFRICAN HISTORY OF FREEDOM STRUGGLE: THE CASE OF FIELD MARSHALL MUTHONI AND THE MAU MAU MOVEMENT OF KENYA, 1930- 2015 KIRAGU, KINYUA; MATHEKA, R. M.; ONYANCHA, B.K. In 1952, thousands of Kikuyu men and women took up arms in a guerilla war to drive the British out of their land. They referred to their movement as the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), popularly known as the Mau Mau. Numerous studies have since been conducted on the movement. However, despite women offering service to the movement across all levels little is documented about their role in combat and leadership. These aspects of the movement have not been central themes to preceding studies on the movement. This article uses Muthoni, the only female Mau Mau to lay claim to the title of a Mau Mau field marshal in her own right, as a ‘window’ to explore the contribution of Mau Mau women in the two roles. In their efforts to serve the movement as fighters and leaders, Mau Mau women had to first overcome challenges relating to male dominance of warfare in the traditional Kikuyu military organization and its perpetuation to the Mau Mau. However, many Mau Mau veterans oppose Muthoni’s claim to the rank. This article explores the role of Muthoni and the intricacies surrounding her claims to the rank of a Mau Mau field marshal. It draws information from oral testimonies of Mau Mau veterans and the archival sources. The findings of the study challenge the view that women were an auxiliary wing of the Mau Mau movement by depicting them as active combatants and leaders

2016-01-01T00:00:00Z Muriithi, David Ikua http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/6827 2026-03-24T06:35:18Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

Socio-Economic Determinants of Diarrhea Occurrence Among Children Under Five Years Old in Kenyan Slums: A Case Study of Korogocho, In Nairobi County, Kenya Muriithi, David Ikua According to the recent world estimates, children below the age of five years are in most cases at a very high risk of contracting diarrhea infections. The socio-economic characteristics of the caregivers and the households influences the kind of environment in which these children grow. The age of 5 years and below is characterized by socio economic aspects and environment of weaning, psychomotor skills of crawling and walking as well as picking and touching materials and surfaces that may be contaminated with diarrhea pathogens. This study was carried out to assess the socioeconomic factors that are associated with diarrhea occurrence among children below five years in Korogocho slum located in Nairobi, Kenya. The study area was purposively sampled while the 90 respondents (mothers of children below five years) were randomly sampled from the entire slum composed of 12,909 households. Data on diarrhoea outcome and its determinants was based on two weeks recall and self-reporting survey while the socio-economic variables included size of household, marital status, levels of education and levels of income. Based on two weeks recall, 35.6% of the child mothers reported that their children had suffered diarrhoea related illness two weeks prior to the study against 64.4% who reported non-occurrence. The study established the dominant age brackets of respondents (49%) were between 29-38 years of age. In regard to marital status, out of the 90 respondents, 72 of them were married (80%) while 18 were not married (20%). In regard to the size of household and the occurrence of childhood diarrhea, majority of the respondents came from households that had 3-4 members (81.1%). In regard to the education level of mothers, majority of mothers reported to have undergone secondary school and above (72.2%). The Chi square analysis for this variable { 2 χ = 16.728}, revealed that there was significant relationship between levels of education of the mother and the occurrence of diarrhoea of children below five years. The main source of income for the respondents was salaried, casual employment and smallscale businesses. 69% of respondents reported that the household in which they came from earned less than Ksh 5,000 per month while the rest 31% reported to have an income of more than Ksh 5,000 per month. The study recommends that the Government and other stake holders should ensure that the residents of informal settlements have adequate access to quality and affordable education and reliable sources of livelihoods

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z