Books & Book Chapters (THM)http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/29272024-03-28T19:17:19Z2024-03-28T19:17:19ZTourism Adaptation Frameworks for Climate Change: A ReviewNjoroge, Joseph M.http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/55732024-02-17T11:24:39Z2021-07-01T00:00:00ZTourism Adaptation Frameworks for Climate Change: A Review
Njoroge, Joseph M.
Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries globally. It has continued to record an average of 3.5–4% despite the global challenges experienced in the last decade including the latest COVID-19 pandemic (UNWTO, 2020). Tourism is appreciated due to its social economic contribution to the global GDP estimated at 9%. It is also considered a big GDP contributor for many developing economies that have embraced tourism estimated between 10–13%. It is also considered strategic poverty eradicator and a tool for achieving sustainable development (UNWTO-UNEP-WMO, 2008). Despite the potential for tourism in the advancement of better livelihood among community’s climate variability remains one of the phenomenon challenging tourism. However, we must acknowledge that tourism is both a victim and a vector of climate change. As a vector it is estimated that tourism contributes to about 5% of Global Green House Gases (GHG) where 85% of the GHG comes from the aviation industry. As a victim we must appreciate that tourism depends largely on climate and nature-based resources which are already being threatened (IPCC, 2007). These threats can be direct or indirect. In order to limit the vulnerability of tourism to climate change adaptation and mitigation have been proposed. Mitigation largely focuses on strategies aimed at limiting the contribution of GHGs whereas adaptation deals with strategies aimed at limiting vulnerability and resilience enhancement. Hence, for the purpose of this research note focus will be on adaptation
2021-07-01T00:00:00ZNatural EcosystemNjoroge, Joseph M.Tinega, J. N.http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/55702024-02-17T11:24:54Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZNatural Ecosystem
Njoroge, Joseph M.; Tinega, J. N.
Relating to human resource function, compensation (often referred to as pay, wage, salary) is the monetary and non-monetary reward offered to an employee in exchange of their contribution to labour. The contributions can be their time, knowledge, skills, abilities and commitment to an organization or certain temporal work. Whereas people traditionally work to get paid, people are increasingly considering non-monetary benefits that ensure stability in the long run e.g. having health care plan, long-term disability protection, and retirement plans (See figure 1). This has led human resource managers to come up with attractive compensation packages for different employees they recruit. Human resource total compensation remains the largest expense for many organizations hence having a good compensation plan helps to strike a balance between employee satisfaction and maintaining overall human resource strategy of minimizing costs.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZStaycation motivationNjoroge, Joseph M.Atieno, L.http://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/55212024-02-17T11:21:01Z2022-07-01T00:00:00ZStaycation motivation
Njoroge, Joseph M.; Atieno, L.
Staycation is largely associated with “vacationing at home”. It is coined from the words: ‘stay’ and ‘vacation’. The blending combines initial segment of the first word “stay” with final segment of the other “cation”. The underlying idea is emphasis on stay, taking away mobilities, that have often been prerequisite to participation in tourism. The term staycation means effectively a short leisure stay (de Bloom et al, 2016), in a person’s usual domicile or proximity tourism context (Molz, 2009; Jeuring and Haartsen, 2017).
Growing at a rate of 3-4% annually in the last decade, international tourism had proved to be the most resilient sector before COVID-19 pandemic struck the world (UNWTO, 2019). However, the occurrence of COVID-19 saw the numbers dwindle down by more than a half. According to United Nations World Tourism Organization (2021) dip in international arrival is estimated to be 74% in 2020 compared to the previous year. Despite this drop, as many travellers stayed at home as per World Health Organization COVID-19 protocols, some travellers were able to engage in some form of vacation largely referred to as staycation. The genesis of the term staycation can be traced back in the summer of 2008 after the great economic depression which impacted negatively all social economic sectors including tourism. The year 2009 saw a global decrease in international travel by 4%, with Europe reporting a 6% drop, Asia and pacific (– 2%), Europe (3%), Americas (−5%), The Middle East (−6%) and Africa (+5%). Rise in consumer good prices including fuel among others shattered the dream of many middle-income Americans to travel (Molz, 2009).
2022-07-01T00:00:00ZMaladaptationNjoroge, Joseph M.Chemeli, Angelahhttp://repository.mut.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/55202024-02-17T11:20:54Z2022-07-01T00:00:00ZMaladaptation
Njoroge, Joseph M.; Chemeli, Angelah
Climate change remains one for the greatest challenge facing humanity in the 21st century and beyond. Whereas the impact of climate change cuts across all sectors of the economy climate sensitive industries like tourism are the most affected sectors. In order to limit vulnerability and to enhance resilience adaptation and mitigation strategies have been proposed. Whereas both interventions are necessary, adaptation is urgent. It is noted that tourism destination managers are already coming up with interventions in order to maintain the attractiveness of their destinations. However it has emerged the not all adaptation strategies are good on because an adaptation at one level can lead to maladaptation at another level. Using examples this entry intends to provide a clear definition of the term maladaptation.
Maladaptation is a term that has found its way in climate change literature. It emanates from practical lessons reported in literature in the last decade. Maladaptation is defined as ‘action taken ostensibly to avoid or reduce vulnerability to climate change that impacts adversely on, or increases the vulnerability of other systems, sectors or social groups’ (Barnett and O’Neill, 2010, p.211). It is an intentional result of adaptation strategies.
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